What is an EGD (Panendoscopy)?

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A panendoscope is a long, flexible tube that is thinner than most food you swallow. It is passed through the mouth and back of the throat into the upper digestive tract and allows the physician to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first portion of the small intestine). Abnormalities suspected by X-ray can be confirmed and others may be detected which are too small to be seen on X-ray. If the doctor sees a suspicious are, he can pass an instrument through the endoscope and take a small piece of tissue (a "biopsy") for examination in the laboratory. Biopsies are taken for many reasons and do not necessarily imply cancer. Other instruments can also be passed through the endoscope without causing discomfort, including a small brush to wipe cells from a suspicious are for examination in the laboratory (a form of "pap test" or cytology) and a wire loop (snare) to remove polyps (abnormal, usually benign growths of tissue).

What preparation is required?

For the best possible examination, the stomach must be completely empty, so you should have nothing to eat or drink (including water from 11 p.m. on the evening before the examination or for at least six hours before its performance. Your doctor will be more specific about the time to begin fasting, depending on the time of day that your EGD is scheduled.
Be sure to let your doctor know if you are allergic to any drugs.

A companion must accompany you to the examination because you will be given an injection to help you relax. It will make you drowsy so you will need some-one to take you home. You will not be allowed to drive after the procedure. Even though you may not feel tired, judgment and reflexes may not be normal.

Please bring your X-rays with you, they may be very important for comparison and localization of abnormalities.

What should I expect during the procedures?

Your doctor will give you a medication through a vein to make you relaxed and sleepy, and the back of your throat may be sprayed with local anesthetic. While you are in a comfortable position, the panendoscope is inserted through the mouth and each part of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum is examined. The procedure is extremely well tolerated with little or no discomfort. Many patients even fall asleep during EGD. The tube will not interfere with your breathing. Gagging is usually prevented by the medication.

What happens after the EGD?

You will be able to leave the endoscopic area as soon as most of the affects of the medication have worn off. Your throat may be a little sore for a couple of hours and you may feel some "Gassiness" and fullness in the abdomen for a few minutes right after the procedure because of the air that was introduced to examine your stomach. You will be able to resume your diet as soon as the EGD is over unless your doctor instructs you other-wise.

Are there any complications of EGD?

EGD is safe and associated with low risk when performed by physicians who have been specially trained and are experienced in the endoscopic procedure. One major complication is perforation in which a small tear through the wall may allow leakage of digestive fluid. This complication may be managed simply by aspirating the fluid until the opening seals or may require surgery.

Bleeding may occur from the site of biopsy or polyp removal. It is usually minimal but rarely may require transfusions or surgery.

Localized irritation of the vein may occur at the site of medication injection. A tender lump develops which may remain for several weeks to several months but goes away eventually. Death is extremely rare but remains a remote possibility. Other risks include drug reactions, etc.

Why is EGD necessary?

Many problems of the upper digestive tract can-not be diagnosed by X-ray, EGD may be helpful for the diagnosis of inflammation of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (esophagitis, gastritis, duodentis) and to identify the site of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

EGD is more accurate than X-ray in detecting gastric (stomach) and duodenal

ulcers, especially when there is bleeding or scarring from a previous ulcer.

EGD may detect early cancers too small to be seen by X-ray and can confirm the diagnosis by biopsies and brushings.

EGD may also be needed for treatment, such as removal of swallowed objects and polyps and stretching of narrowed areas of esophagus. Active investigation is currently in progress on methods to control upper gastrointestinal bleeding through the panendoscope. Safe and effective endoscopic control of bleeding could drastically reduce the need for transfusions and surgery in these patients. EGD is an extremely worthwhile and safe procedure, which is very well tolerated and is invaluable in the diagnosis and proper management of disorders of the

upper digestive tract. Your doctor's decision to perform these procedures was based upon his assessment of your particular problem. If you have any questions about your need for an EGD, do not hesitate to discuss them with your doctor.

Your physician or the staff will also be happy to discuss the cost of the procedure, method of billing and insurance coverage with you. Both of you share a common goal - your good health - and it can only be achieved through mutual trust, respect, and understanding.

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